Collaborative Theory of Mind: Learning to Self-Revise by Anticipating User Responses

arXiv cs.AIOctober 12, 2026en

arXiv:2610.12872v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong individual task performance, yet still struggle to collaborate with users over extended, multi-turn interactions, for example by attempting solutions before understanding the user's needs or by failing to revise mistaken assumptions after receiving feedback. We propose Collaborative Theory of Mind (CToM), a framework that addresses these challenges by explicitly training LLMs to anticipate user responses and to use those predictions to improve their own behavior. CToM drafts a response, predicts how the user will respond, and uses this prediction to guide internal revision before presenting a resp

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