Didactic knowledge or Clinical Cases? How Data Types Shape Medical Large Language Models

arXiv cs.AISeptember 22, 2026en

arXiv cs.AI

AI Global Wire

arXiv:2609.22161v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Medical large language models are commonly trained on mixtures of didactic data (e.g., textbooks) and clinical data (e.g., patient records), yet how these data types differentially shape model capabilities remains unclear. We address this issue with token-matched experiments that vary the didactic-to-clinical ratio and analyze how data composition affects performance, capability profiles, and error patterns across knowledge-intensive and clinic-oriented tasks. We uncover an asymmetric transfer across task types: clinical data improves clinic-oriented tasks while remaining competitive on knowledge-intensive ones, whereas didactic data mainly imp

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