Physical AI: Concepts, Techniques, and Challenges

arXiv cs.AIOctober 21, 2026en

arXiv:2610.27045v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In recent years, physical artificial intelligence (physical AI) has experienced rapid development, capturing significant attention in academia and industry. However, the field has yet to reach consensus on its definition, technical landscape, and core challenges. To address this gap, this monograph seeks to define physical AI, present its technical landscape, and examine each key technical subfield in depth. In doing so, it establishes a unified framework for Physical AI: artificial systems that perceive, model, and act upon the physical world through continuous feedback under real-world constraints. Further, this monograph distinguishes physic

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