Progressive Refinement: An Iterative Pseudo-Labeling Approach for Mandarin-English Code-Switching ASR

Apple Machine LearningAugust 20, 2026en

Apple Machine Learning

AI Global Wire

Code-switching (CS), alternating languages within the same utterance, poses significant challenges for automatic speech recognition (ASR) due to limited CS training data. This paper applies an iterative pseudo-labeling training approach to CS-ASR for the first time, demonstrating its effectiveness in leveraging unlabeled data to improve CS-ASR performance. The approach comprises three phases: pseudo-label generation, two-stage bilingual model training, and iterative improvements. It begins by generating pseudo-labels from a large unlabeled corpus, creating a semi-supervised dataset. This…

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