REFACTOR-VLA: Unsupervised Library Learning of Typed Motor Programs

Apple Machine LearningSeptember 2, 2026en

Apple Machine Learning

AI Global Wire

Most current vision-language-action (VLA) models—such as OpenVLA, π0, RT-2, and RDT-1B—are “monolithic.” This means they generate raw motor commands or very short sequences of actions, without organizing behaviors into reusable, well-defined abstractions. As a result, these models perform poorly on long-horizon (multi-step) tasks, and it’s difficult to interpret what they have learned. Existing approaches for discovering skills often avoid the core problem of deciding when two action sequences are “behaviorally equivalent.” For example, AtomicVLA and AtomSkill group action sequences by…

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