Semantic Overlays: Mitigating Prompt Injection with Annotations Beyond Tokens and Steering Vectors

arXiv cs.AIAugust 26, 2026en

arXiv:2608.23873v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Everything a language model sees is tokens. The serving stack knows what each span is -- user input, tool output, instructions -- but the model must keep track of that itself, and it can lose track or be confused: text can be written to read like anything. Prompt injection is a natural exploit of this phenomenon. By scrambling the model's understanding of span identity, an attacker can induce unwanted and potentially dangerous actions. Adding a non-textual channel to the model's input -- a way to communicate span identity beyond text -- mitigates this class of attack. We thus introduce a general steering technique called Semantic Overlays: smal

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