Grounded Adjudication of Variations across Extracted TimeLines (GAVEL): Comparing Clinical Timelines Against Their Case Reports

arXiv cs.AISeptember 15, 2026en

arXiv:2609.13475v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Existing pipelines for clinical timeline extraction from case reports are evaluated using an expert reference and are limited by imperfect reference annotations and imprecise event alignment. We developed GAVEL, an LLM judge protocol that compares two timelines with the case report and returns a discrepancy type, verdict, and report passage for each difference. We evaluated the event matcher, reviewed 2,738 findings from GPT5.6sol and DeepSeek V3.2, ranked six LLM extractors and two human annotators, and tested GAVEL guided merging. True match rates were 60% immediately below and 48% immediately above the 0.10 cutoff. Manual review confirmed 89

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